Developmental and Genetic Foundations of Kidney and Urinary Tract Anomalies: An Anatomical and Clinical Exploration of CAKUT

Abstract

Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) describe a broad spectrum of diseases resulting from aberrant development of the renal parenchyma, urinary collecting system, lower urinary tract, or kidneys during embryonic stages. Higher percentages of patients with CAKUT have lower urinary abnormalities, such as vesicoureteral reflux (25%), ureterovesical junction obstruction (11%), and ureteropelvic junction obstruction (25%). Kidney abnormalities are known to be prevalent throughout the prenatal period, making up roughly 20–30% of all detected anomalies. The term "CAKUT" refers to a group of diseases that include multiple cystic dysplastic kidneys and mild unilateral hydronephrosis. The prognosis of those with CAKUT can differ significantly; while some individuals may have ideal kidney function, others may experience chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis and kidney transplantation. There are still negative opinions about the etiology of CAKUT. Although familial clustering is common, many CAKUT instances are sporadic, indicating that genetic variables may influence CAKUT characteristics. Numerous studies focusing on embryology have shed light on the genetic components of CAKUT, but research in this area is ongoing. This study comprehensively explores the critical stages of embryonic kidney development and different types of CAKUT. Additionally, it examines long-term monitoring and treatment modalities for CAKUT patients It also examines the long-term monitoring and treatment methods of CAKUT patients in the literature.